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Kishore Kuchibhotla, un neurocientífico de la Universidad Johns Hopkins especializado en el estudio del aprendizaje en humanos y animales, ha llevado a cabo investigaciones para comprender por qué los ratones a menudo muestran malos resultados en las pruebas, a pesar de conocer cómo realizarlas correctamente. Con un experimento innovador, Kuchibhotla y su equipo han descubierto que esta discrepancia se debe en gran medida a que los ratones están involucrados en una forma de exploración inteligente, similar a la formulación de hipótesis que realizan los humanos.
El trabajo, publicado recientemente en Current Biology, amplía la comprensión de la cognición animal y podría conducir a la identificación de la base neuronal para la elaboración de estrategias.
Anteriormente, el laboratorio de Kuchibhotla había descubierto que los animales poseían un conocimiento más profundo sobre las tareas de lo que demostraban en las pruebas. El equipo tenía dos teorías sobre esta discrepancia: o los ratones cometían errores debido al estrés, o estaban explorando y probando activamente sus conocimientos.
Para abordar el tema, Kuchibhotla y Ziyi Zhu, un estudiante de posgrado en neurociencia, diseñaron un nuevo experimento en el que los ratones tenían que responder a dos sonidos girando una rueda hacia la izquierda o hacia la derecha. Cuando los ratones completaban correctamente la tarea, eran recompensados.
Los investigadores observaron que, en las pruebas sucesivas, los ratones giraban inicialmente la rueda hacia la izquierda antes de cambiar hacia la derecha, lo que sugiere una estrategia deliberada en lugar de simples errores.
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Además, al eliminar la recompensa por completar correctamente la tarea, los ratones mostraron una mejora inmediata en su desempeño en las siguientes pruebas, indicando que estaban utilizando un modelo interno de la tarea y ajustando su estrategia en función de la falta de recompensa.
Estos hallazgos sugieren que los animales, incluidos los ratones, pueden ser estratégicos en su aprendizaje, utilizando procesos mentales superiores para adaptar su comportamiento en función de las expectativas y la retroalimentación del entorno.
El estudio de las estrategias de aprendizaje en animales puede proporcionar valiosas perspectivas sobre cómo aprenden los humanos y contribuir a una mejor comprensión de los mecanismos neuronales subyacentes a este proceso.
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