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Elpesebre navideño, desde su origen en una austera cueva hasta la proliferación de las famosas figuritas, cumple este año ocho siglos de existencia.
No tiene ni figuras ni grandes detalles, se trata de reunir a los lugareños alrededor de un pesebre "cripia" en latín con un buey y un asno.
Desde el punto de vista religioso, el nacimiento de Greccio "se inscribe en un contexto en el que se descubre que es la menudencia lo que es divino, y no la realeza", explica el franciscano François Comparat, exprofesor de teología.
Las representaciones de la natividad y las escenas religiosas teatralizadas ya existían antes. Pero "hay una dimensión en parte simbólica en estos 800 años", explica a la AFP Isabelle Saint-Martin, historiadora de la universidad Ecole Pratique des Hautes Études en París.
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"Es sobre todo en el siglo XVII cuando se desarrolla la devoción al Niño Jesús, junto con el interés por el belén: para impulsarla, se pone de relieve el de Greccio", recalca.
En los siglos XVII y XVIII, aparecen los nacimientos con grandes figuras. Son especialmente reputadas las de origen napolitano.
En algunos países europeos, surgen pequeños pesebres en vitrinas, con figuritas fijas en cristal, cera o papel maché.
A finales del siglo XVIII se crean los pesebres familiares, con pequeños personajes móviles. Su desarrollo "es paralelo al de los juguetes para niños, que se expanden en el siglo XIX", afirma la historiadora.
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Algunos hechos históricos contribuyen a su propagación, como la Revolución francesa, que, al limitar los cultos, hace que los belenes se multipliquen en el ámbito privado, según Saint-Martin.
Con la proliferación de los creadores de figuritas, "los pequeños nacimientos familiares se popularizan", subraya.
"En este nuevo mundo inaugurado por Jesús, hay lugar para todo lo que es humano", explicó en 2019 el papa Francisco, en una carta apostólica donde instaba a reflexionar sobre el pesebre.
La tradición cuenta que el belén se instala a principios de diciembre , y en Nochebuena se pone el personaje de Jesús. El día de la Epifanía, se colocan los reyes magos.
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Los protestantes no han adoptado la tradición del pesebre. Y en los países católicos, se han desarrollado particularidades locales: "retablos" artesanales peruanos, "pirámides de Navidad" de madera en Alemania, "szopkas" en aluminio de colores en Polonia.
Desde 2018, el Vaticano expone un centenar de nacimientos de todo el mundo.
Desde principios de este año, la ciudad de Greccio celebra el 800 aniversario de estatradición.
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